Sjögren's
Syndrome
PAINFULLY DRY EYES AND
MOUTH
Sjögren’s (pronounced show-grens)
syndrome is an autoimmune condition. The body’s immune
system turns against itself, subsequently destroying the
exocrine glands that produce tears, saliva and mucus. The
condition was first described in 1933 by the Swedish
physician Henrik Sjögren. He reported women whose arthritis
was associated with dryness of their eyes and mouth.
When these symptoms occur without any other rheumatologic
condition, it is described as “primary” Sjögren’s syndrome.
When it occurs with another rheumatologic condition such as
lupus, RA or scleroderma, it is called “secondary” Sjögren’s
syndrome.
The cause of Sjögren’s syndrome is unknown, although
scientists believe that genetically predisposed patients may
come in contact with a virus or certain bacteria that
triggers the immune response. This response inactivates tear
and saliva glands. The result is uncomfortably dry eyes and
dry
mouth. People with Sjögren’s often describe eye irritation
and grittiness, as if there is sand in their eye. A burning
sensation in the mouth or throat is also common, as is a
hoarse voice or difficulty swallowing because food sticks to
the dry tissue. Enlarged or infected glands that cause pain
are also
common, as is vaginal dryness among women. Many patients
also complain of aching and fatigue.
Sjögren’s syndrome affects approximately 1 in 2500 people,
but the condition is frequently overlooked. A blood test can
help to diagnosis the condition. Most people with Sjögren’s
syndrome have at least one antibody in their blood that is a
specific marker for the disease. The markers that
may be present in Sjögren’s syndrome include:
-
Antibodies to the rheumatoid factor
(RF), which are found in RA and Sjögren’s syndrome
-
Those to the anti-nuclear antibodies
(ANA), which are found in RA, Sjögren’s syndrome, lupus
and scleroderma
-
Those to anti-Sjögren’s syndrome A
(anti-SSA or “Ro”), which are found in RA, Sjögren’s
syndrome and lupus
-
Those to anti-Sjögren’s syndrome B
(anti-SSB or “La”), which is diagnostic for primary
Sjögren’s syndrome
Definitive diagnosis is based on a
thorough history and physical examination as well as the
results of the laboratory tests to detect the presence of
the antibodies that are characteristic of Sjögren’s
syndrome. A biopsy of the minor salivary gland found in the
lips may also be performed. There is no treatment that is
capable of producing normal glandular conditions, so
treatment focuses on treating symptoms of dry eyes and
mouth. Lubricants, as well as medications that decrease
inflammation, stimulate moisture and help patients to feel
better.
The above information about Sjögren’s
syndrome is from Dr. Zashin's
book,
Arthritis Without Pain, a comprehensive guide for patients considering or undergoing treatment with the TNF blockers Enbrel®, Remicade®, or Humira®.
All rights reserved.
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